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Best available technology (or just BAT) is a term applied with regulations on limiting pollutant discharges with regard to the abatement strategy. Similar terms are ''best available techniques'', ''best practicable means'' or ''best practicable environmental option''. The term constitutes a moving target on practices, since developing societal values and advancing techniques may change what is currently regarded as "reasonably achievable", "best practicable" and "best available". A literal understanding will connect it with a "spare no expense" doctrine which prescribes the acquisition of the best state of the art technology available, without regard for traditional cost-benefit analysis. In practical use, the cost aspect is also taken into account. ''Best practicable means'' was used for the first time in UK national primary legislation in section 5 of the Salmon Fishery Act 1861〔 and another early use was found in the Alkali Act Amendment Act 1874, but before that appeared in the Leeds Act of 1848. The ''BAT'' concept was first time used in the 1992 OSPAR Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic for all types of industrial installations. Some doctrine deem it already acquired the status of customary law. In the United States, BAT or similar terminology is used in the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act. ==European Union directives== ''Best available techniques not entailing excessive costs (BATNEEC)'', sometimes referred to as ''best available technology'', was introduced in 1984 with Directive 84/360/EEC and applied to air pollution emissions from large industrial installations.〔(Council Directive 84/360/EEC ) (PDF; 496 kB) of 28 June 1984 on the combating of air pollution from industrial plants.〕 In 1996, Directive 84/360/EEC was superseded by the Integrated pollution prevention and control directive (IPPC), 96/61/EC, which applied the framework concept of ''Best Available Techniques'' (BAT) to the integrated control of pollution to the three media air, water and soil. The concept is also part of the directive's recast in 2008 (2008/1/EC) and its successor directive, the Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU published in 2010. According to article 15(2) of the Industrial Emissions Directive, emission limit values and the equivalent parameters and technical measures in permits shall be based on the best available techniques, without prescribing the use of any technique or specific technology.〔(Directive 2010/75/EU ) (PDF; 2.78 MB) of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control).〕 The directive includes a definition of best available techniques in article 3(10):
BAT for a given industrial sector are described in BAT reference documents (BREFs) as defined in article 3(11) of the Industrial Emissions Directive. BREFs are the result of an exchange of information between European Union Member States, the industries concerned, non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection and the European Commission pursuant to article 13 of the directive. This exchange of information is often called the Sevilla process because it is steered by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the European Commissions' Joint Research Centre, which is based in Seville. The process is described in detail in Commission Implementing Decision 2012/119/EU.〔(Commission Implementing Decision 2012/119/EU ) (PDF; 1.54 MB) of 10 February 2012 laying down rules concerning guidance on the collection of data and on the drawing up of BAT reference documents and on their quality assurance referred to in Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions.〕 The most important chapter of the BREFs, the BAT conclusions, are published as implementing decisions of the European Commission in the Official Journal of the European Union. According to article 14(3) of the Industrial Emissions Directive, the BAT conclusions shall be the reference for setting permit conditions of large industrial installations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「best available technology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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